Typhoid Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Learn about typhoid fever, a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi. Discover its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention tips.

What is Typhoid Fever?

Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. It spreads through contaminated food and water, especially in regions with poor sanitation. Without treatment, it can lead to life-threatening complications.

Causes and How Typhoid Spreads

Typhoid fever is transmitted mainly through:

Contaminated food and drinks – prepared or handled by infected individuals.
Unsafe water sources – untreated or unclean water.
Poor hygiene and sanitation – lack of proper toilet facilities.
Direct contact with carriers – people who carry S. Typhi without showing symptoms.

Common Symptoms of Typhoid Fever

Symptoms usually appear within 7–21 days after infection. Key signs include:

High fever (up to 40°C / 104°F)
Headache and fatigue
Abdominal pain or discomfort
Constipation or diarrhea
Loss of appetite
Skin rash with rose-colored spots (in some cases)

If untreated, severe complications like intestinal perforation, internal bleeding, and sepsis may occur.

How Typhoid is Diagnosed

Doctors confirm typhoid fever using:

Blood culture tests (most reliable)
Stool or urine samples
Widal test (still used in some areas but less accurate)

Treatment for Typhoid Fever

Antibiotics: Such as azithromycin, ceftriaxone, or ciprofloxacin (depending on local resistance patterns).
Hydration & nutrition: Drinking fluids and eating soft, nutritious meals help recovery.
Hospital care: Severe cases with complications require hospitalization.

Prevention: How to Protect Yourself from Typhoid

Preventing typhoid fever is possible through:

Drinking only boiled, filtered, or bottled water
Eating cooked food and avoiding raw or street food in high-risk areas
Washing hands regularly with soap and clean water
Getting the typhoid vaccine if you live in or travel to endemic areas

Key Takeaway

Typhoid fever is a preventable and treatable illness. By practicing safe hygiene, consuming clean food and water, and seeking early medical treatment, the risks can be greatly reduced. Vaccination offers additional protection for high-risk populations.