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Potassium Imbalance: Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia Explained

Learn about potassium imbalances: causes, symptoms, prevention, and dietary tips for hypokalemia

(low potassium) and hyperkalemia (high potassium).

Potassium and Its Importance

Potassium is an essential electrolyte that regulates muscle contractions, nerve function, and heart rhythm.

Maintaining normal potassium levels (3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L) is crucial for overall health.

Hypokalemia (Low Potassium)

Definition: Serum potassium < 3.5 mEq/L
Causes:

  • Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating

  • Diuretics or corticosteroids

  • Excessive aldosterone secretion

Symptoms:

  • Weakness, fatigue

  • Muscle cramps, twitching

  • Constipation

  • Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)

Prevention / Management:

  • Eat potassium-rich foods: bananas, avocado, spinach, potatoes, fish

  • Monitor potassium levels if on medications affecting potassium

  • Treat underlying causes

Hyperkalemia (High Potassium)

Definition: Serum potassium > 5.0 mEq/L
Causes:

  • Kidney failure or impaired kidney function

  • Excessive potassium intake

  • Certain medications: ACE inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretics

  • Tissue breakdown (e.g., severe burns, trauma)

Symptoms:

  • Fatigue, weakness

  • Nausea

  • Irregular heartbeat or palpitations

  • Muscle paralysis in severe cases

Prevention / Management:

  • Limit high-potassium foods if kidneys are impaired

  • Regular monitoring of potassium levels

  • Follow medical treatment to remove excess potassium if needed

Maintaining normal potassium levels is critical for heart, muscle, and nerve function.

Recognizing the signs of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia and managing them with proper diet,

medication, and monitoring can prevent serious complications.